Peru is often reduced to a few familiar images: Machu Picchu, llamas, ceviche, the Andes, ancient ruins, colourful markets. All of those matter, but they do not explain the country. Peru is more interesting when seen as a layered business system where geography, minerals, fisheries, agriculture, tourism, informality, and historical inequality all interact at once. It is a country where immense natural wealth coexists with institutional fragility, and where the same landscapes